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Sprawa Maksyma Sandowycza jako przykład politycznej misji rosyjskiego prawosławia w monarchii austro-węgierskiej

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dc.contributor.authorBator, Wiesław
dc.date.accessioned2009-12-18T08:24:55Z
dc.date.available2009-12-18T08:24:55Z
dc.date.issued2007
dc.description.abstract-translatedThe theme of this paper is “the Russian Orthodox Church’s Mission among the Lemkos” or, in other words, the political and sabotaging operation undertaken at the beginning of the 20th century in Low Beskid of Austro-Hungarian Galicia by the Russian civil and military authorities. The real goal of this operation was for the Russians to win the Lemkos over to their side. The Lemkos were the poorest people and had the least national awareness among the inhabitants of the then strategically significant Low Beskid. This operation is also known as the case of father Maksym Sandowycz (1886-1914) who was its main hero and became its most famous victim. Sandowycz was discouraged by the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic clergy, and so he entered the Orthodox monastery in Poczajow on the Russian territory, and from there he was sent to priestly seminary in Zytomierz where he converted to Russian Orthodoxy and was ordained a priest. In Russian religious circles he was an avid follower of the Orthodox Church which was, by my Russians, associated with “tsars’-Slavism” and “pan-Slavism”. In 1911, Sandowycz was smuggled across the border to Galicia where, in his Lemko’s homeland, he brought about a religious split of the Greek-Catholics and established an unregistered Russian Orthodox parish. In his illegal preaching he was encouraging the allegiance to the Russian tsar and to pan-Slavic ideas which led to his detention on the charge of being detrimental towards Austro-Hungary and spying in favor of Russia. In 1914, he became a hero of a political cause célèbre used by the tsars’ authorities as a proof of the religious persecutions of the Orthodox Church in the Habsburg’s empire. The case ended tragically at the beginnings of the First World War. On September 6th, 1914, after a three-day battle, the Russians took over Lvov. During this time, father Maksym Sandowycz was imprisoned in a Galician jail, but once he learnt of the Russian victory, he ostentatiously approved of it, wished the tsarist army further victory and encouraged the Lemkos to join the Russians. His comport led to his execution by a firing squad; his crimes were treason and defeatism. Even though the case was strictly political, the Russian Orthodox Church treated the situation in religious terms, and on the 18th anniversary of his death, Sandowycz was pronounced a saint. The death of Sandowycz made a strong impression on his countrymen and forged a lasting political affiliation which had a detrimental effect on the future of the Lemkos territory. During the winter of 1914-15, the Lemkos were cooperating with the Russian army, and when the Russian army was defeated by the Austro- Hungarian soldiers, they experienced repression under the returning rule of the Austro-Hungarian authorities. Consequences of these repressions were pervasive death rulings, imprisonment, and deportation of entire villages to camps in Thalerhof. The tragedy of the Lemkos was worsened by the fact that their pro- Russian stance led to the conflict with the the Polish people and the Ukrainians who were much stronger inhabitants of this region, disapproved of the Russian rule and viewed cooperation with the Russians as treason. After the First World War, the pro-Russian stance of the Lemkos was expressed in an attempt to organize a referendum leading to secession of Lemkos’ territory from Poland and join Russia or Czechoslovakia. This action led to further political repressions, and after the second World War, more persecutions against the Lemkos were carried out by the Polish Communist authorities as well as by the members of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA).eng
dc.formats. 120-127cze
dc.identifier.isbn978-80-7194-994-7
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10195/35283
dc.language.isopol
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publicationstatuspublishedeng
dc.publisherUniverzita Pardubicecze
dc.relation.ispartofPantheon. 2, 2007cze
dc.rightsbez omezenícze
dc.subjectpolitical operationseng
dc.subject20th centuryeng
dc.subjectLow Beskideng
dc.subjectAustro-Hungarian Galiciaeng
dc.subjectthe Lemkoseng
dc.subjectMaksym Sandowyczeng
dc.titleSprawa Maksyma Sandowycza jako przykład politycznej misji rosyjskiego prawosławia w monarchii austro-węgierskiejpol
dc.title.alternativeThe Case of Maksym Sandowycz as an Example of a Political Mission of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Austro-Hungarian Empireeng
dc.typeArticleeng
dspace.entity.typePublication

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02/2007 Pantheon (Náboženství a politika)