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Access status: open access ,
The Madness of Reality
(Springer Nature, 2026-04-30) Caprioglio Panizza, Silvia
What happens when we encounter the real? One of the central and most appealing ideas in Iris Murdoch’s ethics is her invitation to return to reality and ‘stay’ with it. Murdoch the psychologist also knows how extremely difficult it is. But why should encountering the real feel so difficult? Not only difficult; at times—perhaps essentially?—maddening. In Benjamin Labatut’s When We Cease to Understand the World (2020), some of the sharpest minds of the past century struggle with a loss of sanity the closer they get to its sub-atomic dimension, as if encountering the finest structure of the world loosened their grip on what they used to call reality. In this paper, following Murdoch and Labatut, I identify a sense of resistance that emerges when we come to a close and still encounter with a reality that we find we cannot grasp, interpreted as a felt conflict between the self and the real. Through a series of dichotomies found in Murdoch’s philosophy (real and unreal, movement and stillness, ordinary and strange) I explore the possible reasons for this resistance, and suggest that Murdoch’s own thought, while calling for a form of intense attention to the real, is better suited at explaining forms of attention where the real is experienced through joy and the possibility of progressive understanding. The difference in affective response, I argue, has moral and metaphysical roots.
Access status: open access ,
Pd@CN-COF: A Pool for Palladium(0)-Catalyzed Reactions
(Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), 2026) Horáková, Marcela; Klikar, Milan; Halamek, Jakub; Bulánek, Roman; Rodriguez-Pereira, Jhonatan; Čičmancová, Veronika; Podlesný, Jan; Kolíbalová, Eva; Michalička, Jan; Bartáček, Jan; Pařík, Patrik; Macak, Jan M.; Bureš, Filip
A new cyano-substituted olefin-linked COF was synthesized and utilized as a support for palladium nanoparticles. The resulting Pd@CN-COF was demonstrated as a versatile heterogeneous catalyst in crosscoupling reactions, cyanation, and allylic substitution with the productivity exceeding the commercial homogeneous precatalyst [Pd(PPh3)4]. The catalytic activity of Pd@CN-COF was further evaluated in synthetically valuable transformations towards industrially, agrochemically, and pharmacologically relevant products.
Access status: open access ,
Controlling emissive behaviour through molecular design: 2,3-bis(2,5-dimethylthiophen-3-yl)quinoxalines with variable fluorene substitution
(Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), 2025) Loghina, Liudmila; Jančálek, Jiří; Houdek, Jakub; Zmrhalová, Zuzana; Jambor, Roman; Vlček, Miroslav
We report a new family of donor–acceptor–donor (D–A–D) chromophores based on 2,3-bis(2,5-dimethyl thiophen-3-yl)quinoxaline, where the electronic and steric environment is tuned through fluorene substituents at the 5,8-positions. Variation of the 9,9-substituents (aryl, branched alkyl, and spiro-linked groups) enables systematic modulation of solubility, conformational rigidity, and intermolecular interactions while preserving the electron-deficient quinoxaline core. All synthesized derivatives (DMTQ1–DMTQ5) exhibit characteristic p–p* absorption around 380 nm and broad intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) emission in solution (490–502 nm) with photoluminescence quantum yields up to 45% and lifetimes of 2.7–4.0 ns. A detailed solvatochromic and time-resolved study of DMTQ5 confirmed strong ICT character, manifested by red-shifted emission and polarity-dependent lifetime shortening. Electrochemical studies reveal consistent oxidation onsets (0.54–0.64 V vs. Fc/Fc+), corresponding to HOMO levels of 5.34 to 5.44 eV, while LUMO energies ( 2.57 to 2.67 eV) were derived from optical gaps of B2.8 eV. In the solid state, spin-coated films of selected derivatives exhibit pronounced photochromic switching of emission colour and intensity, a behaviour absent in solution and directly demonstrated using UV-LED excitation. These results establish fluorene substitution as a versatile strategy to direct emissive behaviour in quinoxaline-based chromophores, highlighting their potential as polarity-sensitive probes, light-responsive coatings, and optoelectronic materials.
Access status: open access ,
Comprehensive Reinvestigation of Carbodiimide Guanylation: HCl-Initiated Access to Tri- and Tetrasubstituted Guanidines
(American Chemical Society, 2026) Vlk, Lukáš; Pauk, Karel; Samsonov, Maksim A.; Růžičková, Zdeňka; Chlupatý, Tomáš; Růžička, Aleš
Guanidines are well-known π-electron-conjugated organic bases used widely in synthesis as well as in industry, with more than 150 years of history. Hence, a plethora of synthetic approaches leading to the formation of the central N3C motif has been published, from conventional methods to more sophisticated catalysts. Despite this, some substrates are still not easily obtainable, and the reported procedures lack simplicity and universality. Here, procedures yielding guanidines from carbodiimides and various amines are provided. Thermally conducted reactions of aliphatic amines and carbodiimides led to guanidines, but efforts to extend this method to anilines failed, even with basic or some acidic catalysts. However, when HCl was added to the reaction media at >80 °C, guanidine products were successfully prepared. Thorough mechanistic investigations revealed the complexity of the guanylation, including several proton transfers, the unconventional switch of the reaction mechanism to electrophilic addition, and the regeneration of the catalytically active species. The process was optimized and applicable to a series of various substrates with the use of substoichiometric or even catalytic amounts of HCl. Guanidine structures, the guanylation mechanism, and prototropic tautomerism of aryl-substituted guanidines in solution were investigated by scXRD, NMR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations. An optimized, easy, cheap, and high-yield metal-free procedure catalyzed by HCl was described.
Access status: open access ,
Comprehensive Reinvestigation of Carbodiimide Guanylation: HCl-initiated Access to Tri- and Tetrasubstituted Guanidines
(American Chemical Society , 2026) Vlk, Lukáš; Pauk, Karel; Samsonov, Maksim A.; Růžičková, Zdeňka; Chlupatý, Tomáš; Růžička, Aleš
Guanidines are well known π-electron-conjugated organic bases used widely in synthesis as well as industry, with more than 150 years of history. Hence a plethora of synthetic approaches leading to the formation of the central N3C motif has been published, from conventional methods to more sophisticated catalysts. Despite that, some substrates are still not easily obtainable and the reported procedures lack simplicity and universality. Here, procedures yielding guanidines from carbodiimides and various amines are provided. Thermally conducted reactions of aliphatic amines and carbodiimides led to guanidines, but efforts to extend this method to anilines failed even with basic or some acidic catalysts. However, when HCl was added to the reaction media at >80 °C, guanidine products were successfully prepared. Thorough mechanistic investigations revealed the complexity of the guanylation including several proton transfers, the unconventional switch of the reaction mechanism to electrophilic addition, and regeneration of the catalytically active species. The process was optimized and applicable to a series of various substrates with the use of sub-stoichiometric or even catalytic amount of HCl. Guanidine structures, guanylation mechanism and prototropic tautomerism of aryl-substituted guanidines in solution were investigated by scXRD, NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations. Optimized, easy cheap and high-yield metal-free procedure catalyzed by HCl was described.

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