Voltammetric and flow amperometric determination of fungicide cyprodinil in environmental samples using screen-printed sensor with boron-doped diamond electrode

Abstract

New voltammetric and flow amperometric methods were developed for the determination of the fungicide cyprodinil using a screen-printed sensor with a boron-doped diamond electrode. In 0.1 mol L–1 acetic acid solution, cyprodinil exhibited two anodic signals at +1.4 and +1.7 V (Ag/AgCl/KCl sat.), and a cathodic peak at −0.2 V, corresponding to the reduction of the product from the second oxidation step. A differential pulse voltammetric method was developed, achieving a low detection limit (2.8 nmol L–1), a wide linear dynamic range (0.025–1.9 μmol L−1), and good recovery in the analysis of model solutions, pesticide formulations, and natural water (< 5.0%). The sensors were further integrated into a flow-through 3D-printed cell, enabling flow injection analysis with electrochemical detection with excellent performance (LOD = 34 nmol L–1, LDR = 0.1-5 µmol L–1). Furthermore, LC-MS analysis of electrolysis products allowed the proposal of a cyprodinil electrochemical oxidation pathway.